Glossary
Apparent Temperature.
A
measure of the health risk due to various combinations
of high temperature and humidity. The higher the number,
the greater the possibility of heat exhaustion or heat
stroke.
Beaufort Wind Scale.
First
used in the early nineteenth century by the British Navy.
For every number on the scale, there is a descriptive
term such as light air, strong breeze, fresh gale, etc.
Convection.
The
circulatory motion that occurs at nonuniform
temperatures due to gravity and density variation,
resulting in the transfer of heat.
Cosine Response.
The
output of a solar radiation sensor based on a given
input. The absorption of radiation is proportional to
the cosine of the angle between an oblique ray and one
that strikes perpendicularly.
Degree Day.
A
measure of the departure of the mean daily temperature
above or below a given standard. A ten-degree difference
for one day equals ten degree days, as does a one-degree
difference for ten days.
Dew
Point.
A
measure of humidity stated in terms of the temperature
at which the air would be saturated and dew would begin
to form if the amount of water vapor in the air were
held constant.
Erythema Action Spectrum.
The
range of wavelengths of light responsible for erythema,
which is the reddening of the skin due to capillary
congestion. Sunburn is among the most common forms of
erythema.
Evapotranspiration.
The
amount of water transferred from the earth to the
atmosphere due to the combined effects of evaporation
and transpiration. Transpiration is the process by which
plants release water vapor into the air.
FCC.
Federal Communications Commission. In the USA, the FCC
develops and implements policy concerning interstate and
international communications by radio, television,
satellite, and cable.
Freezing Rain.
Made
of supercooled raindrops. The rain falls in liquid form
but freezes when it hits the ground or an exposed
object, creating a coating of ice known as glaze.
hPA.
Hectopascal, a measurement of barometric pressure. One
hPA equals 100 pascals or one millibar. One pascal is
equal to a force of one newton over an area of one
square meter.
Humidity.
The
ratio of the actual amount of water vapor in the air to
the maximum amount of water vapor the air could hold at
that temperature. More precisely called
relative humidity.
J/cm². Joules per square centimeter, a
measurement of solar energy. A joule is the unit of
energy in the meter-kilogram-second system of units,
equal to 107 ergs or approximately 0.7375
foot-pounds.
K-Factor.
Crop
coefficient, available from local agricultural advisory
services. To find the evapotranspiration for a given
crop, multiply the reference evapotranspiration by the
K-factor.
Ly.
Langley, a measurement of solar energy. One langley is
equal to one gram-calorie per square centimeter. A
gram-calorie is the amount of heat required to raise the
temperature of one gram of water one degree Celsius.
National Climatic Data Center.
Collects and analyzes the weather data recorded by more
than 11,500 volunteers across the United States. Located
in Asheville, NC.
Mb.
Millibar, a unit of pressure equal to one-thousandths of
a bar. One bar equals 105 pascals, 105
newtons per square meter, or 106 dynes per
square centimeter. One millibar equals one hectopascal.
MED.
Minimal erythemal dose, a measurement of UV dose.
Erythema is the reddening of the skin due to capillary
congestion. Sunburn is among the most common forms of
erythema.
NEMA.
National Electrical Manufacturers Association. Along
with many other activities, they write the standards for
electrical enclosures. A NEMA 4X enclosure provides
protection against falling rain and splashing water, and
is undamaged by the formation of ice.
Solar
Energy.
The
energy transmitted from the sun in form of
electromagnetic radiation, measured in langleys (Ly).
Solar
Radiation.
The
electromagnetic radiation emitted by the sun. Solar
radiation sensors actually measure incident solar
radiation or solar irradiance, which is the amount of
radiant power per unit area that flows across or onto a
surface.
UV
Spectrum.
Ultraviolet spectrum. The range of wavelengths from 4 to
400 nanometers, beginning at the limit of visible light
and overlapping the wavelengths of long x-rays.
W/m².
Watts
per square meter, a measurement of solar radiation. One
watt is equal to 0.143 Kg-calories/minute or 1
volt-ampere.
Wind
Chill.
The
combination of temperature and wind speed. When the wind
is blowing, it carries away the air that has been warmed
by your body. It feels as if the temperature is lower
than it really is.
Wind
Run.
Calculated by multiplying the wind speed by the
measurement period and summing over time. If the wind
speed was a constant 10 miles per hour for three hours,
the wind run would equal 30 miles.
World Meteorological Organization. The agency
of the United Nations that is responsible for the
international exchange of weather data. It certifies
that the data observation procedures do not vary among
the over 130 participating nations.